# UKPersonalFinance Wiki

## [Benefit Entitlement](https://ukpersonal.finance/benefit-entitlement/)

Checking your entitlement to state-funded benefits and other support.

## [Budgeting](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/)

Keeping track of where your money is going, and where you want it to go.

- [Step 1: Gather information about your current spending 🕵️](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#step-1-gather-information-about-your-current-spending-️)
  - [Check your banking app(s)](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#check-your-banking-apps)
  - [Aggregation apps](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#aggregation-apps)
  - [Make a spreadsheet](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#make-a-spreadsheet)
- [Step 2: Reflect and plan 🤔](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#step-2-reflect-and-plan-)
  - [Plan for any spending reductions](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#plan-for-any-spending-reductions)
  - [Plan for future goals](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#plan-for-future-goals)
  - [Plan for reasonable discretionary spending](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#plan-for-reasonable-discretionary-spending)
- [Step 3: Record and adjust over time 🔄](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#monitor)
  - [Envelope budgeting systems](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#envelope-budgeting-systems)
  - [Open banking apps](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#openbanking)
  - [Spreadsheets](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#spreadsheets)
- [Step 4: Spending dilemma? Use your budget 🔮](https://ukpersonal.finance/budgeting/#plan)

## [Buy-To-Let](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/)

What buy-to-let investing actually involves, and whether it pays off.

- [What is residential property investment?](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#what-is-residential-property-investment)
- [First time buyers beware](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#first-time-buyers-beware)
- [How does Buy-to-let work?](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#how-does-buy-to-let-work)
  - [Active or Passive Investment](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#active-or-passive-investment)
  - [Buy-to-let Mortgages](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#buy-to-let-mortgages)
  - [Leverage](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#leverage)
- [Taxation and legislation](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#taxation-and-legislation)
  - [Responsibilities](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#responsibilities)
  - [How to let](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#how-to-let)
  - [Mortgage interest rate relief](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#mortgage-interest-rate-relief)
  - [Stamp duty land tax (Transfer of ownership)](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#stamp-duty-land-tax-transfer-of-ownership)
  - [Limited companies](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#limited-companies)
- [Other considerations](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#other-considerations)
  - [Emotional and well-being cost](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#emotional-and-well-being-cost)
  - [Tenants are a mixed bag](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#tenants-are-a-mixed-bag)
- [Buy-to-let Examples](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#buy-to-let-examples)
- [Can you still make money?](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#can-you-still-make-money)
  - [Buy-to-let vs Index Investing](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#buy-to-let-vs-index-investing)
- [Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)](https://ukpersonal.finance/buy-to-let/#real-estate-investment-trusts-reits)

## [Combining Finances](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/)

How couples can decide whether and how to combine their finances.

- [Talking about money](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#talking-about-money)
  - [Your current financial situation](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#your-current-financial-situation)
  - [Your financial goals](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#your-financial-goals)
- [Handling shared costs](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#handling-shared-costs)
  - [Which expenses are shared?](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#which-expenses-are-shared)
  - [How will you split the costs of shared expenses?](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#how-will-you-split-the-costs-of-shared-expenses)
  - [How this changes if you have children](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#how-this-changes-if-you-have-children)
- [Married or co-habiting partners?](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#married-or-co-habiting-partners)
  - [1. Married couples have legal rights to ‘joint’ finances in divorce, co-habiting couples don’t](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#1-married-couples-have-legal-rights-to-joint-finances-in-divorce-co-habiting-couples-dont)
  - [2. Gifts between married couples are free of potential Inheritance Tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#2-gifts-between-married-couples-are-free-of-potential-inheritance-tax)
- [Consider opening a joint account](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#consider-opening-a-joint-account)
  - [Benefits of having a joint account ✅](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#benefits-of-having-a-joint-account-)
  - [Risks of having a joint account ⚠️](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#risks-of-having-a-joint-account-️)
  - [Where to open a joint account](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#where-to-open-a-joint-account)
  - [Should you also keep personal accounts?](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#should-you-also-keep-personal-accounts)
- [Alternatives to a joint account](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#alternatives-to-a-joint-account)
- [Joint savings/investments](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#joint-savingsinvestments)
- [Create a budget 📝](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#create-a-budget-)
- [Joint property ownership 🏠](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#joint-property-ownership-)
- [Seek professional advice](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#seek-professional-advice)
- [Revisit regularly](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#revisit-regularly)
- [Red flags and risks 🚩](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#red-flags-and-risks-)
  - [Financial Abuse](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#financial-abuse)
  - [Financial Infidelity](https://ukpersonal.finance/combining-finances/#financial-infidelity)

## [UKPF community](https://ukpersonal.finance/community/)

Join the Reddit and Discord communities behind this wiki.

## [Copyright](https://ukpersonal.finance/copyright/)

The licence this wiki and flowchart are published under.

## [Credit Cards](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/)

How credit cards work, and how to use them responsibly.

- [How credit cards work](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#how-credit-cards-work)
- [How to pay your credit card](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#how-to-pay-your-credit-card)
- [How statement periods work](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#how-statement-periods-work)
- [Fees and charges](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#fees-and-charges)
- [Why credit cards can be trouble](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#why-credit-cards-can-be-trouble)
  - [Interest makes everything more expensive](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#interest-makes-everything-more-expensive)
  - [Credit cards can confuse your mental budget](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#credit-cards-can-confuse-your-mental-budget)
  - [Debts can quickly mount up](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#debts-can-quickly-mount-up)
- [Advantages of credit cards](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#advantages-of-credit-cards)
  - [Section 75 Protection](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#section-75-protection)
  - [Fraud protection](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#fraud-protection)
  - [Free (or cheap) short term credit](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#free-or-cheap-short-term-credit)
  - [Credit ratings](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#credit-ratings)
  - [Paying for hotels and car hire (especially abroad)](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#paying-for-hotels-and-car-hire-especially-abroad)
  - [Stoozing](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#stoozing)
- [Applying for a credit card](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#applying-for-a-credit-card)
- [Types of cards and market leading offerings](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#types-of-cards)
- [Helpful resources](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-cards/#helpful-resources)

## [Credit Ratings](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/)

How credit scoring actually works in the UK, and how to improve it.

- [Your credit history only matters if you need more credit 💳](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#your-credit-history-only-matters-if-you-need-more-credit-)
- [Don’t stress about the exact numbers 😥](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#dont-stress-about-the-exact-numbers-)
- [What about mortgages? 🏡](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#what-about-mortgages-)
- [How to check your credit file 🗂](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#how-to-check-your-credit-file-)
  - [Statutory reports 💼](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#statutory-reports-)
  - [Free ‘Credit Checking Services’ 💸](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#free-credit-checking-services-)
- [How to improve your credit worthiness 🤝](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#how-to-improve-your-credit-worthiness-)
  - [Avoid red flags 🚩](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#avoid-red-flags-)
  - [Have (and use) some form of credit 📃](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#have-and-use-some-form-of-credit-)
  - [Get on the electoral roll 🗳️](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#get-on-the-electoral-roll-️)
  - [Avoid lots of applications in a short space of time 🐌](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#avoid-lots-of-applications-in-a-short-space-of-time-)
  - [Wait for negative information to drop off ⏳](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#wait-for-negative-information-to-drop-off-)
  - [Get unfair defaults removed from your file 🚫](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#get-unfair-defaults-removed-from-your-file-)
  - [Be careful with joint bank accounts and loans 👫](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#be-careful-with-joint-bank-accounts-and-loans-)
  - [Be consistent, even on different applications, to avoid fraud scoring 📋](https://ukpersonal.finance/credit-ratings/#be-consistent-even-on-different-applications-to-avoid-fraud-scoring-)

## [Debt Repayment](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/)

How to take stock of and pay down debt efficiently.

- [Take stock of your situation ✍️](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#take-stock-of-your-situation-️)
  - [Make a list of your debts](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#make-a-list-of-your-debts)
  - [Make a budget](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#make-a-budget)
  - [Record your ‘statement of affairs’](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#record-your-statement-of-affairs)
  - [Double check you haven’t missed anything](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#double-check-you-havent-missed-anything)
  - [Calculate your debt payoff schedule](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#calculate-your-debt-payoff-schedule)
- [If you can’t afford your debt, get help from a debt charity 🆘](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#problem-debt)
- [If you can afford to pay off your debts, do it efficiently 📉](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#if-you-can-afford-to-pay-off-your-debts-do-it-efficiently-)
  - [Reduce interest rates whenever you can](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#reduce-interest-rates-whenever-you-can)
  - [Prioritise high-interest debt](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#prioritise-high-interest-debt)
  - [Review your budget](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#review-your-budget)
- [Why interest is a killer 🚒](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#interest)
- [Should I pay off low interest debt?](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#lowinterest)
- [Should I pay off my student loan? 🎓](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#should-i-pay-off-my-student-loan-)
- [Should I pay off my mortgage? 🏠](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#should-i-pay-off-my-mortgage-)
- [Should I stretch out a loan to improve my credit score? 💳](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#should-i-stretch-out-a-loan-to-improve-my-credit-score-)
- [Useful Resources 🔗](https://ukpersonal.finance/debt/#useful-resources-)

## [DIY Global Tracker](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/)

How to build your own global equity tracker from regional index funds.

- [Why build your own global equity tracker?](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#why-build-your-own-global-equity-tracker)
  - [Pros](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#pros)
  - [Cons](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#cons)
- [Determining global sector weightings](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#determining-global-sector-weightings)
  - [Weighting for the UK](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#weighting-for-the-uk)
  - [Weightings for emerging markets](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#weightings-for-emerging-markets)
  - [Weightings for developed markets Ex. UK](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#weightings-for-developed-markets-ex-uk)
- [Putting our investment strategy into practice](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#putting-our-investment-strategy-into-practice)
- [Epilogue](https://ukpersonal.finance/diy-global-tracker/#epilogue)

## [Emergency Fund](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-fund/)

How to build a pot of money to cover a financial emergency.

- [What is an emergency fund? ☔](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-fund/#what-is-an-emergency-fund-)
- [How many months of expenses should I keep? 📅](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-fund/#how-many-months-of-expenses-should-i-keep-)
- [What expenses should I include? 🛒](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-fund/#what-expenses-should-i-include-)
- [What kind of account should I hold my emergency fund in? 🏦](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-fund/#what-kind-of-account-should-i-hold-my-emergency-fund-in-)

## [Emergency Help](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/)

Where to get help if you need money quickly for essentials.

- [Talk to your creditors](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#talk-to-your-creditors)
- [Ask family, friends, and colleagues for help](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#ask-family-friends-and-colleagues-for-help)
- [Bank lending options](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#bank-lending-options)
  - [An arranged overdraft](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#an-arranged-overdraft)
  - [Credit cards and personal loans](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#credit-cards-and-personal-loans)
- [Get help from: your workplace, union, or university](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#get-help-from-your-workplace-union-or-university)
- [Get help from the government and your Local Authority](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#get-help-from-the-government-and-your-local-authority)
- [Accessing free food](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#accessing-free-food)
- [Earning a bit of extra money quickly](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#earning-a-bit-of-extra-money-quickly)
  - [Selling stuff](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#selling-stuff)
- [Buy Now Pay Later](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#buy-now-pay-later)
- [Reddit /r/borrow](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#reddit-rborrow)
- [Borrowing from pawn shops](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#borrowing-from-pawn-shops)
- [Payday loans](https://ukpersonal.finance/emergency-help/#payday-loans)

## [Fees](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/)

Why investment fees matter, and how to compare them fairly.

- [What fees would an investor expect to pay?](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#what-fees-would-an-investor-expect-to-pay)
- [Why, and how much, do fees matter?](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#why-and-how-much-do-fees-matter)
- [Where can I find out what I am/would be paying?](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#where-can-i-find-out-what-i-amwould-be-paying)
  - [Brokers and platforms](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#brokers-and-platforms)
  - [Fund costs](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#fund-costs)
- [Fees aren’t everything!](https://ukpersonal.finance/fees/#fees-arent-everything)

## [Financial Advice](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/)

How to find and vet a financial adviser in the UK.

- [Why do people take financial advice?](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#why-do-people-take-financial-advice)
- [What exactly is financial advice?](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#what-exactly-is-financial-advice)
- [What financial advice can’t do](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#what-financial-advice-cant-do)
  - [Beat the market](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#beat-the-market)
- [How much money do you need to see an adviser?](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#how-much-money-do-you-need-to-see-an-adviser)
- [Types of adviser](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#types-of-adviser)
  - [Robo-Adviser](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#robo-adviser)
  - [Transactional adviser/broker](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#transactional-adviserbroker)
  - [“Traditional” financial adviser/wealth manager](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#traditional-financial-adviserwealth-manager)
  - [Financial planner](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#financial-planner)
- [How to find an adviser](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#how-to-find-an-adviser)
  - [Find some names to research](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#find-some-names-to-research)
  - [Where should I look first?](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#where-should-i-look-first)
  - [Find further information with Unbiased and VouchedFor](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#find-further-information-with-unbiased-and-vouchedfor)
  - [Check their FCA registration](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#check-their-fca-registration)
  - [Check their qualifications](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#check-their-qualifications)
  - [Make sure they’re working for you](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#make-sure-theyre-working-for-you)
  - [Find out what other people think about them](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#find-out-what-other-people-think-about-them)
  - [Make sure you will be able to work with them](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#make-sure-you-will-be-able-to-work-with-them)
  - [Make sure that there are no barriers to leaving them](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#make-sure-that-there-are-no-barriers-to-leaving-them)
  - [Create a shortlist of at least two possibilities](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#create-a-shortlist-of-at-least-two-possibilities)
- [Other resources](https://ukpersonal.finance/financial-advice/#other-resources)

## [The UK Personal Finance Flowchart](https://ukpersonal.finance/flowchart/)

A starting point for your financial planning journey.

- [Have you seen the flowchart? ⤵️](https://ukpersonal.finance/flowchart/#have-you-seen-the-flowchart-️)

## [How are my investments protected? (FSCS)](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/)

What happens if your broker or investment platform becomes insolvent.

- [How brokers hold client funds](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#how-brokers-hold-client-funds)
  - [Caveat: fraudulent activity](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#caveat-fraudulent-activity)
- [FSCS Protection](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#fscs-protection)
  - [FSCS compensation case study: Beaufort Securities](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#fscs-compensation-case-study-beaufort-securities)
  - [FSCS compensation case study: Wealthtek](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#fscs-compensation-case-study-wealthtek)
- [FSCS protection for funds](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#fscs-protection-for-funds)
- [Should I limit my investments to £85,000 per provider?](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#should-i-limit-my-investments-to-85000-per-provider)
- [Reducing risk](https://ukpersonal.finance/fscs-protection-for-investments/#reducing-risk)

## [Gifts and Inheritance Tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/)

Why almost nobody in the UK pays tax on a gift.

- [Do I pay Tax on Gifts I Receive?](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#do-i-pay-tax-on-gifts-i-receive)
- [How Inheritance Tax works](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#how-inheritance-tax-works)
  - [Inheritance tax allowances](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#inheritance-tax-allowances)
  - [The ‘7 year rule’ for gifts](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#the-7-year-rule-for-gifts)
  - [Exemptions for gifts](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#exemptions-for-gifts)
  - [Paying Inheritance Tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#paying-inheritance-tax)
  - [Common pitfalls](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#common-pitfalls)
  - [Gifting Example](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#gifting-example)
  - [Doesn’t the ‘seven year rule’ reduce the values of gifts?](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#doesnt-the-seven-year-rule-reduce-the-values-of-gifts)
  - [What counts as a gift?](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#what-counts-as-a-gift)
- [Limitations and edge cases](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#limitations-and-edge-cases)
  - [International gifts](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#international-gifts)
  - [Capital Gains Tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#capital-gains-tax)
  - [Chargeable Lifetime Transfers](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#chargeable-lifetime-transfers)
  - [Very occasionally, 7 is 14](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#very-occasionally-7-is-14)
- [Further resources](https://ukpersonal.finance/gifts-and-inheritance-tax/#further-resources)

## [Defining your goals](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/)

How to quantify what you want to save for.

- [What are your goals? ✏️](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#what-are-your-goals-️)
- [How much will it cost? 🎯](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#how-much-will-it-cost-)
- [How much do you need to start putting aside? 🧮](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#how-much-do-you-need-to-start-putting-aside-)
- [Review and adjust ⚖️](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#review-and-adjust-️)
- [I don’t have any particular goals – I’m just saving](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#i-dont-have-any-particular-goals--im-just-saving)
- [Set up savings or investment accounts 🏦](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#set-up-savings-or-investment-accounts-)
- [Are you sure I shouldn’t invest for my short term goals? 📉](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#short_term_invest)
- [More resources 🎬](https://ukpersonal.finance/goals/#more-resources-)

## [Help Us Help You](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/)

How to ask a good question on the subreddit so people can actually help.

- [Focus on your personal situation](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#focus-on-your-personal-situation)
- [Use numbers (not percentages)](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#use-numbers-not-percentages)
- [Give context](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#give-context)
- [Common scenarios](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#common-scenarios)
  - [Debt repayment questions](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#debt-repayment-questions)
  - [Can I afford this car/phone/holiday?](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#can-i-afford-this-carphoneholiday)
  - [Can I afford to move out/live alone?](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#can-i-afford-to-move-outlive-alone)
  - [Mortgage and house buying questions](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#mortgage-and-house-buying-questions)
  - [Retirement planning questions](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#retirement-planning-questions)
- [Energy bills](https://ukpersonal.finance/help-us-help-you/#energy-bills)

## [Helping Family and Friends](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/)

Why helping others manage money is different to managing your own.

- [What kind of help do they need?](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#what-kind-of-help-do-they-need)
- [Questions to ask yourself before getting involved](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#questions-to-ask-yourself-before-getting-involved)
- [Beware overconfidence](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#beware-overconfidence)
- [Common scenarios](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#common-scenarios)
  - [My sibling/niece/parent/colleague has £x, what should they do with it?](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#my-siblingnieceparentcolleague-has-x-what-should-they-do-with-it)
  - [Helping with retirement planning](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#helping-with-retirement-planning)
  - [Helping someone who you consider to be making poor choices](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#helping-someone-who-you-consider-to-be-making-poor-choices)
  - [Lending or giving money](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#lending-or-giving-money)
  - [Helping a family member get a mortgage](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#helping-a-family-member-get-a-mortgage)
  - [Lasting Powers of Attorney](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#lasting-powers-of-attorney)
- [How to find professional help](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#guidance)
- [Further Resources](https://ukpersonal.finance/helping-family-and-friends/#further-resources)

## [Income Tax – The Basics](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/)

How marginal tax, tax codes, and National Insurance work in the UK.

- [Marginal Tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#marginal-tax)
- [Tax rates, codes and allowances](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#tax-rates-codes-and-allowances)
  - [What’s my personal allowance?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#whats-my-personal-allowance)
  - [Worked example](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#worked-example)
  - [I’ve found another page on HMRC with different numbers for income tax bands?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#ive-found-another-page-on-hmrc-with-different-numbers-for-income-tax-bands)
  - [My tax code is 1257L and I’ve been charged tax already, but I’ve not earnt over £12,570?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#my-tax-code-is-1257l-and-ive-been-charged-tax-already-but-ive-not-earnt-over-12570)
  - [I have a different tax code, what does it mean?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#i-have-a-different-tax-code-what-does-it-mean)
  - [HMRC have said I underpaid tax last year by £500, but they’ve taken £2,500 off my allowance?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#hmrc-have-said-i-underpaid-tax-last-year-by-500-but-theyve-taken-2500-off-my-allowance)
  - [I’ve had a bonus this month why have I paid more tax than I should have?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#ive-had-a-bonus-this-month-why-have-i-paid-more-tax-than-i-should-have)
  - [I receive “benefits in kind” at work. How are they taxed?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#i-receive-benefits-in-kind-at-work-how-are-they-taxed)
  - [I have stopped work and won’t have any more income this year, can I get a refund quicker?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#i-have-stopped-work-and-wont-have-any-more-income-this-year-can-i-get-a-refund-quicker)
  - [What about “tax traps” that I have heard about?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#what-about-tax-traps-that-i-have-heard-about)
  - [Do I need to complete a Self Assessment Tax Return?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#do-i-need-to-complete-a-self-assessment-tax-return)
  - [How can I work out what my take home pay should be?](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#how-can-i-work-out-what-my-take-home-pay-should-be)
- [Personal Tax Account](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#personal-tax-account)
- [National Insurance](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#national-insurance)
- [Tax on Savings and Investments](https://ukpersonal.finance/income-tax/#tax-on-savings-and-investments)

## [Welcome! 👋](https://ukpersonal.finance/index/)

The wiki for /r/UKPersonalFinance subreddit and Discord.

## [Index Funds](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/)

What index funds are and how to choose one.

- [Why Index Funds?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#why-index-funds)
- [What drives the growth?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#what-drives-the-growth)
- [Which Index Fund(s)?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#which-index-funds)
  - [Which index (or indices) to use](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#which-index-or-indices-to-use)
  - [Selecting a fund](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#selecting-a-fund)
  - [List of commonly used global index trackers](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#list-of-commonly-used-global-index-trackers)
  - [Sharia investing](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#sharia-investing)
  - [More funds](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#more-funds)
  - [What about Vanguard’s LifeStrategy funds?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#what-about-vanguards-lifestrategy-funds)
  - [What about the S&P 500?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#what-about-the-sp-500)
  - [I don’t know which one to pick, should I buy some of each?](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#i-dont-know-which-one-to-pick-should-i-buy-some-of-each)
- [Setting up an account](https://ukpersonal.finance/index-funds/#setting-up-an-account)

## [Insurance](https://ukpersonal.finance/insurance/)

Life insurance and income protection basics.

## [Investing 101](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/)

Basic investing concepts to help you understand more detailed resources.

- [Before we start… ⏯️](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#before-we-start-️)
- [What is investing? 📈](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-is-investing-)
- [What assets can I invest in? 🛒](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-assets-can-i-invest-in-)
- [What risks are involved? 🎢](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-risks-are-involved-)
- [Why diversify my investments? 🌌](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#why-diversify-my-investments-)
- [What are “passive” and “active” investing? 🔮](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-are-passive-and-active-investing-)
- [What funds can I invest in?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-funds-can-i-invest-in)
- [What type of investment account should I use?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#what-type-of-investment-account-should-i-use)
- [How do I open these accounts?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#how-do-i-open-these-accounts)
- [Where can I learn more about investing?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-101/#where-can-i-learn-more-about-investing)

## [Investing for your children](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/)

JISAs, your own accounts, and other options for saving for children.

- [Cash savings vs investments 💸](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#cash-savings-vs-investments-)
- [Account types](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#account-types)
  - [Children’s Savings Accounts](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#childrens-savings-accounts)
  - [JISA (Junior ISA)](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#jisa-junior-isa)
  - [Your own ISA (or pension)](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#your-own-isa-or-pension)
  - [Mix and match](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#mix-and-match)
- [What if I want my children to have money they can’t access until age 21 or 25?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#what-if-i-want-my-children-to-have-money-they-cant-access-until-age-21-or-25)
  - [What if I just don’t tell them about their JISA until they’re old enough to use it responsibly?](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#what-if-i-just-dont-tell-them-about-their-jisa-until-theyre-old-enough-to-use-it-responsibly)
- [Other account types](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#other-account-types)
  - [Junior SIPP](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#junior-sipp)
  - [LISAs](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#lisas)
  - [Children’s GIA](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#childrens-gia)
  - [Premium Bonds](https://ukpersonal.finance/investing-for-your-children/#premium-bonds)

## [ISAs](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/)

How ISA types, allowances, and transfers work.

- [Overview](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#overview)
- [ISA types explained](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#isa-types-explained)
  - [Stocks & Shares (S&S) ISA 📈](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#stocks--shares-ss-isa-)
  - [My portfolio is too small to pay Capital Gains Tax – should I still use an ISA?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#my-portfolio-is-too-small-to-pay-capital-gains-tax--should-i-still-use-an-isa)
  - [Cash ISA 💷](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#cash-isa-)
  - [Lifetime ISA (LISA) and Help to Buy ISA (H2B ISA) 🏠](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#lifetime-isa-lisa-and-help-to-buy-isa-h2b-isa-)
  - [Innovative Finance ISA (IFISA) 🤝](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#innovative-finance-isa-ifisa-)
  - [Junior ISA (JISA) 🧒](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#junior-isa-jisa-)
- [Contributions and transfers](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#contributions-and-transfers)
  - [Contributions 💳](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#contributions-)
  - [What happens when a new tax year starts?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#what-happens-when-a-new-tax-year-starts)
  - [Transferring an existing ISA 🚚](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#transferring-an-existing-isa-)
- [ISA Flexibility ↔️](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#isa-flexibility-️)
- [FAQ](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#faq)
  - [Should I use an ISA, LISA or a pension?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#should-i-use-an-isa-lisa-or-a-pension)
  - [What happens to an ISA if I move to another country?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#what-happens-to-an-isa-if-i-move-to-another-country)
  - [What happens to an ISA on death?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#what-happens-to-an-isa-on-death)
  - [What happens if I pay in more than £20k in one tax year?](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#what-happens-if-i-pay-in-more-than-20k-in-one-tax-year)
- [Further reading 📚](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa/#further-reading-)

## [ISA vs LISA vs Pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/)

Working out what type of account to use to save and invest.

- [ISAs vs Pensions](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#isas-vs-pensions)
  - [Tax differences](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#tax-differences)
  - [Calculating how much to contribute to your pension vs your ISA](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#calculating-how-much-to-contribute-to-your-pension-vs-your-isa)
- [Pensions vs Lifetime ISAs](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#pensions-vs-lifetime-isas)
  - [The 25% LISA bonus is equivalent to 20% pension tax relief](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#the-25-lisa-bonus-is-equivalent-to-20-pension-tax-relief)
  - [Differences between pension and LISA (for retirement)](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#differences-between-pension-and-lisa-for-retirement)
  - [Pension vs ISA vs LISA comparison table](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#pension-vs-isa-vs-lisa-comparison-table)
  - [Treatment for means-tested benefits](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#treatment-for-means-tested-benefits)
  - [Treatment on death](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#treatment-on-death)
- [Why timing of tax relief doesn’t matter](https://ukpersonal.finance/isa-vs-lisa-vs-pension/#why-timing-of-tax-relief-doesnt-matter)

## [Lifetime ISAs (LISAs)](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/)

Using a LISA to buy your first home or save for retirement.

- [How do Lifetime ISAs work?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#what-is-a-lifetime-isa)
- [Using a LISA to buy your first home](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#using-a-lisa-to-buy-your-first-home)
- [Using a LISA to save for retirement](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#using-a-lisa-to-save-for-retirement)
- [Withdrawing with a penalty](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#when-can-i-access-the-money)
- [What LISA should I get?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#what-lisa-should-i-get)
- [What if £450,000 isn’t enough?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#what-if-450000-isnt-enough)
- [Help to Buy (H2B) ISA – no longer available to new savers](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#help-to-buy-h2b-isa-no-longer-available-to-new-savers)
  - [What if I have a H2B ISA and a LISA?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#how-do-htb-isas-and-lisas-interact)
- [Other resources 📚](https://ukpersonal.finance/lisa/#other-resources)

## [Living Costs](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/)

How much does it cost to live in the UK?

- [Housing](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#housing)
  - [Council tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#council-tax)
  - [Energy bills](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#energy-bills)
  - [Groceries](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#groceries)
  - [Internet](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#internet)
  - [Phone](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#phone)
  - [Water](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#water)
  - [Insurance](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#insurance)
- [Transport](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#transport)
  - [Car](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#car)
- [General spending categories](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#general-spending-categories)
- [Recording your spend against budget](https://ukpersonal.finance/living-costs/#recording-your-spend-against-budget)

## [I have £x, what should I do with it?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/)

A calm, considered approach to sudden windfalls.

- [Stop, take a breath 🛑](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#stop-take-a-breath-)
- [Where to safely store large sums of money 🏦](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#FSCS)
- [Have you seen the flowchart? ⬇️](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#have-you-seen-the-flowchart-️)
- [For short term goals: find the best savings accounts](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#for-short-term-goals-find-the-best-savings-accounts)
- [For long term goals: consider investing](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#for-long-term-goals-consider-investing)
- [Uncertain about your goals?](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#uncertain-about-your-goals)
- [Should I repay some/all of my mortgage? 🏡](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#should-i-repay-someall-of-my-mortgage-)
- [Should I buy a rental property? 🏘️](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#should-i-buy-a-rental-property-️)
- [Should my savings provide passive income? 💷](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#should-my-savings-provide-passive-income-)
- [Should I pay off my student loan? 🎓](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#should-i-pay-off-my-student-loan-)
- [Professional help 👩‍🏫](https://ukpersonal.finance/lump-sum/#professional-help-)

## [Market Timing ⏱️](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/)

Why predicting future prices doesn't work, for any asset class.

- [Investing in the stock market 📈](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#investing-in-the-stock-market-)
- [Pound Cost Averaging](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#pound-cost-averaging)
- [House prices](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#house-prices)
- [Mortgage interest rates](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#mortgage-interest-rates)
- [Exchange Rate timing ✈️](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#exchange-rate-timing-️)
  - [Impact of exchange rates on investments](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#impact-of-exchange-rates-on-investments)
- [FX (forex) trading 📉](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#fx-forex-trading-)
- [Crypto 🪙](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#crypto-)
- [Meme Stonks 🚀](https://ukpersonal.finance/market-timing/#meme-stonks-)

## [Mortgage overpayments vs investments](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/)

Whether to overpay your mortgage or save/invest instead.

- [How do mortgage overpayments compare to savings or investments? ⚖️](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#how-do-mortgage-overpayments-compare-to-savings-or-investments-️)
  - [Mortgage overpayments vs cash savings 🏦](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#mortgage-overpayments-vs-cash-savings-)
  - [Mortgage overpayments vs investments 📈](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments-)
- [What other factors should you consider?](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#what-other-factors-should-you-consider)
  - [Mortgage overpayments are illiquid 🧱](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#mortgage-overpayments-are-illiquid-)
  - [Mortgage overpayments are tax-free 💰](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#mortgage-overpayments-are-tax-free-)
  - [ISA allowances are use-it-or-lose-it ⌛](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#isa-allowances-are-use-it-or-lose-it-)
  - [Mortgage overpayments carry a psychological benefit 🧠](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#mortgage-overpayments-carry-a-psychological-benefit-)
- [Example illustrations 🧮](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#example-illustrations-)
- [Should I overpay to improve my Loan to Value (LTV) and interest rate? 💸](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#should-i-overpay-to-improve-my-loan-to-value-ltv-and-interest-rate-)
- [Should I overpay now in case of higher interest rates in the future? 🔮](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#should-i-overpay-now-in-case-of-higher-interest-rates-in-the-future-)
- [What if I have received a lump sum? 🧧](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#what-if-i-have-received-a-lump-sum-)
- [Never pay fees to overpay ❌](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgage-overpayments-vs-investments/#never-pay-fees-to-overpay-)

## [Mortgages](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/)

How mortgages work and how much you're likely to be able to borrow.

- [How mortgages work 🏠](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#how-mortgages-work-)
  - [Mortgages are ‘secured’ borrowing 🔐](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#mortgages-are-secured-borrowing-)
  - [Interest and principal 📉](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#interest-and-principal-)
  - [Loan-To-Value ratio (LTV)](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#loan-to-value-ratio-ltv)
  - [Home equity and negative equity](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#home-equity-and-negative-equity)
- [Borrowing limits 💸](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#borrowing-limits-)
  - [Income multiplier](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#income-multiplier)
  - [What counts as ‘income’?](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#what-counts-as-income)
  - [Affordability](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#affordability)
  - [LTV/Deposit](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#ltvdeposit)
  - [Putting it all together](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#putting-it-all-together)
- [Mortgage options](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#mortgage-options)
  - [Mortgage term](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#mortgage-term)
  - [Fixed and variable rate mortgages](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#fixed-and-variable-rate-mortgages)
  - [Selecting a mortgage rate](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#selecting-a-mortgage-rate)
  - [Moving house](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#moving-house)
  - [What about future interest rates?](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#what-about-future-interest-rates)
  - [Interest rate](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#interest-rate)
  - [Fees](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#fees)
- [Mortgage calculators and spreadsheets](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#mortgage-calculators-and-spreadsheets)
- [Comparing mortgage deals](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#comparing-mortgage-deals)
- [Mortgage brokers / advisors](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#mortgage-brokers--advisors)
- [The mortgage application and home buying process](https://ukpersonal.finance/mortgages/#the-mortgage-application-and-home-buying-process)

## [National Insurance History](https://ukpersonal.finance/national-insurance/)

How National Insurance contributions are collected, and where the money legally goes.

## [Passive Income](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/)

Why chasing "passive income" can be counter-productive.

- [Why do so many influencers talk about passive income?](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#why-do-so-many-influencers-talk-about-passive-income)
- [Looking for ‘passive income’? Look out for scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#looking-for-passive-income-look-out-for-scams)
- [I feel like I don’t earn enough – how can I increase my income?](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#i-feel-like-i-dont-earn-enough--how-can-i-increase-my-income)
- [I have savings – shouldn’t they generate an income?](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#i-have-savings--shouldnt-they-generate-an-income)
- [Common passive income suggestions](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#common-passive-income-suggestions)
  - [Making money online](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#making-money-online)
  - [Buy to let](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#buy-to-let)
  - [Living off investments](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#living-off-investments)
  - [Dividend portfolios](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#dividend-portfolios)
  - [Starting a business](https://ukpersonal.finance/passive-income/#starting-a-business)

## [Pensions](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/)

A high level overview of how UK pensions work.

- [Always auto-enrol in your pension ✅](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#auto-enroll)
- [Tax relief on pension contributions explained 💸](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#tax-relief)
  - [Income tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#income-tax)
  - [National Insurance and Salary Sacrifice](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#salary-sacrifice)
- [The magic of compound growth 🪄](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#compound-growth)
- [Pension calculators 📊](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#calculators)
- [The state pension 👴🏽](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#state-pension)
- [Personal Pensions (SIPPs) 🏛️](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#personal-pensions-sipps-️)
- [Managing your pensions ⚙️](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#managing-your-pensions-️)
  - [What happens when I leave my job?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#what-happens-when-i-leave-my-job)
  - [Should I change what my pension is invested in?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#change-funds)
  - [How do I claim higher-rate tax relief?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#claiming-tax-relief)
  - [Should I transfer and merge old pensions?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#merge-old-pensions)
  - [How do I find old pensions?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#how-do-i-find-old-pensions)
- [Frequently Asked Questions ℹ️](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#frequently-asked-questions-ℹ️)
  - [‘Half your age’ rule ➗](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#half-your-age-rule)
  - [When can I access my pension? ⌛](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#access-age)
  - [If I opt out, how much money will I lose out on? 💰](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#opt-out)
  - [What’s the maximum I can put in my pension? 💪](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#whats-the-maximum-i-can-put-in-my-pension-)
  - [Carry forward](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#carry-forward)
  - [I want to retire early. Do I still need a pension if I’ll retire before I can access it? 🔥](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#FIRE)
  - [I’m on track to hit the Lifetime Allowance (LTA), should I stop contributing to my pension? ⏳](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#LTA)
  - [Why am I not automatically enrolled? 🤷](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#not-enrolled)
  - [What if I’m self-employed? 🖥️](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#self-employed)
  - [I’m moving abroad, should I bother continuing with my pension?](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#im-moving-abroad-should-i-bother-continuing-with-my-pension)
  - [I’m in a Defined Benefit pension scheme 🦄](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#defined-benefit)
- [Helpful resources 📚](https://ukpersonal.finance/pensions/#resources)

## [Privacy Policy](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/)

What data this site collects and why.

- [Who we are](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#who-we-are)
- [What Personal Data We Collect and Why We Collect It](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#what-personal-data-we-collect-and-why-we-collect-it)
  - [Embedded Content From Other Websites](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#embedded-content-from-other-websites)
  - [Analytics](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#analytics)
- [Who We Share Your Data With](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#who-we-share-your-data-with)
- [Your Contact Information](https://ukpersonal.finance/privacy-policy/#your-contact-information)

## [Recommended Resources](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/)

Websites, books, podcasts and videos picked by the UKPF community.

- [Useful websites](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/#useful-websites)
- [Videos](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/#videos)
- [Books](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/#books)
- [Podcasts](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/#podcasts)
- [Online Courses](https://ukpersonal.finance/recommended-resources/#online-courses)

## [Retirement Planning](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/)

Working out how much you need to save for a comfortable retirement.

- [How much should you save per month for retirement?](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#how-much-should-you-save-per-month-for-retirement)
  - [Your desired retirement income](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#your-desired-retirement-income)
  - [What about inflation?](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#what-about-inflation)
  - [What about large, infrequent expenses?](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#what-about-large-infrequent-expenses)
- [Your currently expected retirement income](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#your-currently-expected-retirement-income)
  - [State pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#state-pension)
  - [Defined Contribution pensions](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#defined-contribution-pensions)
  - [Defined Benefit pensions](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#defined-benefit-pensions)
  - [Other savings (e.g. LISAs or ISAs)](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#other-savings-eg-lisas-or-isas)
  - [Don’t forget to account for tax!](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#dont-forget-to-account-for-tax)
- [Adjusting your pension contributions](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#adjusting-your-pension-contributions)
- [Reviewing over time](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#reviewing-over-time)
- [Risks to consider](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#risks-to-consider)
  - [Predicting future contributions](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#predicting-future-contributions)
  - [Expecting future lump sums](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#expecting-future-lump-sums)
  - [Changes to government rules](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#changes-to-government-rules)
  - [Sequence of returns](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#SORR)
  - [Cash flow planning](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#cash-flow-planning)
- [Notes on parameters/assumptions used for calculations](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#assumptions)
  - [Investment returns](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#investment-returns)
- [Withdrawal strategies & safe withdrawal rates](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#SWR)
  - [Background](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#background)
  - [Safe Withdrawal Rates](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#safe-withdrawal-rates)
- [Retirement age](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#retirement-age)
- [Related topics](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#related-topics)
  - [Planning drawdown](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#planning-drawdown)
  - [Getting professional advice](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#advice)
  - [Inheritance tax](https://ukpersonal.finance/retirement-planning/#inheritance-tax)

## [Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/)

How RSUs are taxed on grant and on vesting.

- [Tax on receipt of the RSU](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#tax-on-receipt-of-the-rsu)
- [Tax on lifting of the restriction](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#tax-on-lifting-of-the-restriction)
  - [Example 1](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#example-1)
  - [Example 2](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#example-2)
- [PAYE](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#paye)
- [Base Cost](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#base-cost)
- [S431 Election](https://ukpersonal.finance/rsu/#s431-election)

## [Savings Accounts](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/)

Picking the best savings accounts for your circumstances.

- [What kinds of accounts count as ‘cash’?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#what-kinds-of-accounts-count-as-cash)
- [Can I access my savings any time?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#can-i-access-my-savings-any-time)
- [How do interest rates work?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#how-do-interest-rates-work)
  - [Regular saver interest](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#regular-saver-interest)
  - [Premium bond prizes](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#premium-bond-prizes)
- [Where do I find the best interest rates?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#where-do-i-find-the-best-interest-rates)
- [How much tax will I pay on my savings interest?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#tax)
  - [Example tax calculation for a basic rate taxpayer](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#example-tax-calculation-for-a-basic-rate-taxpayer)
  - [How to calculate a post-tax return rate](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#how-to-calculate-a-post-tax-return-rate)
  - [Which PSA do I have?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#which-psa-do-i-have)
- [How to maximise interest for lump sums](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#how-to-maximise-interest-for-lump-sums)
- [How do I pay tax on savings interest?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#how-do-i-pay-tax-on-savings-interest)
  - [Do I need to complete a Self Assessment to report savings interest?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#do-i-need-to-complete-a-self-assessment-to-report-savings-interest)
  - [Which tax year does an interest payment fall under?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#which-tax-year-does-an-interest-payment-fall-under)
- [What about joint accounts?](https://ukpersonal.finance/savings/#what-about-joint-accounts)

## [Scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/)

Recognising and avoiding the most common scams.

- [Recognising Scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#recognising-scams)
  - [Red Flags – Things that are never OK 🚩](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#red-flags--things-that-are-never-ok-)
- [Types of scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#types-of-scams)
  - [Investment/Crypto/Trading/Property training courses](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#investmentcryptotradingproperty-training-courses)
  - [Investment/Crypto/Trading Scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#investmentcryptotrading-scams)
  - [Pension ‘unlocking’ schemes](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#pension-unlocking-schemes)
  - [Multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#multi-level-marketing-mlm-schemes)
  - [Phishing](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#phishing)
  - [Repeat and follow-up scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#repeat-and-follow-up-scams)
  - [Call centre and ‘tech support’ scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#call-centre-and-tech-support-scams)
  - [Advance fee fraud](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#advance-fee-fraud)
  - [Romance scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#romance-scams)
  - [Ebay, Gumtree and Facebook Marketplace sales](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#ebay-gumtree-and-facebook-marketplace-sales)
  - [Crypto hacks, phishes, rugpulls, ponzis, casinos…](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#crypto-hacks-phishes-rugpulls-ponzis-casinos)
- [What to do if you’ve been scammed](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#what-to-do-if-youve-been-scammed)
  - [Authorised Push Payment Scams](https://ukpersonal.finance/scams/#authorised-push-payment-scams)

## [Should I Buy This?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/)

Questions to ask yourself before making a purchase.

- [Am I buying this on an impulse?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#am-i-buying-this-on-an-impulse)
- [Would this item actually add value to my life?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#would-this-item-actually-add-value-to-my-life)
- [Where am I going to keep this item?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#where-am-i-going-to-keep-this-item)
- [What recent purchases can I compare to this one and how do I feel about them now?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#what-recent-purchases-can-i-compare-to-this-one-and-how-do-i-feel-about-them-now)
- [Does this fit into my budget?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#does-this-fit-into-my-budget)
- [How much of my time do I have to give up to pay for this?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#how-much-of-my-time-do-i-have-to-give-up-to-pay-for-this)
- [How much would the same money invested and compounded earn me?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#how-much-would-the-same-money-invested-and-compounded-earn-me)
- [Could I use this money towards a meaningful experience instead?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#could-i-use-this-money-towards-a-meaningful-experience-instead)
- [Do I really need the latest and greatest flagship model?](https://ukpersonal.finance/spending/#do-i-really-need-the-latest-and-greatest-flagship-model)

## [UK income and wealth statistics](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/)

ONS data on pay, household income, wealth and pensions by age and region.

- [Important notes about these numbers](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#important-notes-about-these-numbers)
- [Individual income](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#individual-income)
  - [Annual pay for full-time employees by age](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#annual-pay-for-full-time-employees-by-age)
  - [Annual pay for full-time employees by region](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#annual-pay-for-full-time-employees-by-region)
- [Household income before and after taxes](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#household-income-before-and-after-taxes)
  - [Average household incomes of non-retired individuals](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#average-household-incomes-of-non-retired-individuals)
- [Wealth](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#wealth)
  - [Average total individual wealth by age](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#average-total-individual-wealth-by-age)
  - [Average total individual wealth by region](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#average-total-individual-wealth-by-region)
- [Pensions](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#pensions)
  - [Pension value by age](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#pension-value-by-age)
  - [Employer pension contributions](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#employer-pension-contributions)
- [Find out more](https://ukpersonal.finance/statistics/#find-out-more)

## [Student Loans](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/)

Why overpaying your student loan is usually not a good plan.

- [Understand: What makes student loans different to ‘normal’ debt? ✨](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#understand-what-makes-student-loans-different-to-normal-debt-)
- [Why could paying your loan early cost you money instead of saving it?](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#why-could-paying-your-loan-early-cost-you-money-instead-of-saving-it)
- [Calculate: Will you see any benefit from overpaying your student loan? 🧮](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#calculate-will-you-see-any-benefit-from-overpaying-your-student-loan-)
  - [Default payments](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#default-payments)
  - [Overpayments](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#overpayments)
- [Prioritise: Do you have more urgent goals (e.g. saving for a deposit)? 🏠](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#prioritise-do-you-have-more-urgent-goals-eg-saving-for-a-deposit-)
- [Compare: Can you beat the loan interest rate? 📈](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#compare-can-you-beat-the-loan-interest-rate-)
- [Postgraduate loans](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#postgraduate-loans)
- [Additional Resources 🔗](https://ukpersonal.finance/student-loans/#additional-resources-)

## [Tax Traps and Tax Efficiency](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/)

Methods to reduce your tax liability and avoid the UK's income tax traps.

- [What is a ‘tax trap’?](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#what-is-a-tax-trap)
- [What is ‘Adjusted Net Income’?](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#Adjusted_Net_Income)
- [Using your pension to reduce your adjusted net income](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#using-your-pension-to-reduce-your-adjusted-net-income)
  - [Is a pension the right choice?](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#is-a-pension-the-right-choice)
  - [Tax relief in the examples – relief at source vs salary sacrifice/net pay](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#tax-relief-in-the-examples--relief-at-source-vs-salary-sacrificenet-pay)
- [Tax Trap 1: Removal of Personal Allowance at £100,000 earnings](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#tax-trap-1-removal-of-personal-allowance-at-100000-earnings)
  - [Example: £100k tax trap + Salary Sacrifice pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#example-100k-tax-trap--salary-sacrifice-pension)
  - [Example: £100k tax trap + Relief at Source pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#example-100k-tax-trap--relief-at-source-pension)
- [Tax Trap 2: Removal of Child Benefit at £60,000 earnings](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#tax-trap-2-removal-of-child-benefit-at-60000-earnings)
  - [Example: £60k tax trap + Salary Sacrifice pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#example-60k-tax-trap--salary-sacrifice-pension)
  - [Example: £60k tax trap + Relief at Source pension](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#example-60k-tax-trap--relief-at-source-pension)
- [Tax Trap 3: Tapered annual allowance over £200,000 earnings](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#tax-trap-3-tapered-annual-allowance-over-200000-earnings)
- [Other ways to reduce your adjusted net income](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#other-ways-to-reduce-your-adjusted-net-income)
  - [Cycle to Work scheme (No BiK charge)](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#cycle-to-work-scheme-no-bik-charge)
  - [Buying additional holiday days (No BiK Charge)](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#buying-additional-holiday-days-no-bik-charge)
  - [Salary sacrifice car leasing (BiK Charge)](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#salary-sacrifice-car-leasing-bik-charge)
  - [Donating to charity / Gift Aid](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#donating-to-charity--gift-aid)
  - [Tax advantaged investment schemes](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#tax-advantaged-investment-schemes)
- [Do I need to complete a Self Assessment?](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#do-i-need-to-complete-a-self-assessment)
- [Should I claim child benefit if I have to pay it back?](https://ukpersonal.finance/tax-traps-and-tax-efficiency/#should-i-claim-child-benefit-if-i-have-to-pay-it-back)

## [Is this wiki advice?](https://ukpersonal.finance/this-wiki-is-not-advice/)

This wiki provides information, not regulated financial advice.

## [UK Funds Q&A](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/)

A deep-dive Q&A on how UK investment funds actually work.

  - [What is a fund?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-is-a-fund)
  - [What kind of things can a fund invest in?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-kind-of-things-can-a-fund-invest-in)
  - [How are funds in the UK set up?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-are-funds-in-the-uk-set-up)
  - [How exactly are closed-ended funds set up?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-exactly-are-closed-ended-funds-set-up)
  - [How exactly are open-ended funds set up?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-exactly-are-open-ended-funds-set-up)
  - [How is an ICVC set up?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-is-an-icvc-set-up)
  - [So, what exactly am I buying when I buy into a fund?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#so-what-exactly-am-i-buying-when-i-buy-into-a-fund)
  - [How is the price set?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-is-the-price-set)
  - [I actually meant, the price I buy or sell for…](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#i-actually-meant-the-price-i-buy-or-sell-for)
  - [Wait, what’s an exchange traded fund/ICVC?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#wait-whats-an-exchange-traded-fundicvc)
  - [Isn’t that the same as a closed-ended fund?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#isnt-that-the-same-as-a-closed-ended-fund)
  - [So they are the same thing?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#so-they-are-the-same-thing)
  - [Why are there different classes and types of shares in open-ended funds?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#why-are-there-different-classes-and-types-of-shares-in-open-ended-funds)
  - [Why are the prices different if it’s the same fund?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#why-are-the-prices-different-if-its-the-same-fund)
  - [So, what practical difference is there between having an Acc share or an Inc share?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#so-what-practical-difference-is-there-between-having-an-acc-share-or-an-inc-share)
  - [How do I make money from funds?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-do-i-make-money-from-funds)
  - [What about tax?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-about-tax)
  - [What about Class A,B,C,D,X,Y,Z etc. alphabet soup shares I see everywhere?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-about-class-abcdxyz-etc-alphabet-soup-shares-i-see-everywhere)
  - [What about UCITS and non-UCITS and other confusing terms?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-about-ucits-and-non-ucits-and-other-confusing-terms)
  - [How do I buy a fund?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-do-i-buy-a-fund)
  - [Wait, fund costs?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#wait-fund-costs)
  - [What’s the difference between Ongoing Charges Figure (OCF), Annual Management Charge (AMC) and Total Expense Ratio (TER)?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#whats-the-difference-between-ongoing-charges-figure-ocf-annual-management-charge-amc-and-total-expense-ratio-ter)
  - [How much is reasonable for a fund to charge?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#how-much-is-reasonable-for-a-fund-to-charge)
  - [What about for a broker?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-about-for-a-broker)
  - [What if the fund goes bust?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-if-the-fund-goes-bust)
  - [What if my broker goes bust?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-if-my-broker-goes-bust)
  - [What funds do I buy?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-funds-do-i-buy)
  - [I bought some funds. Now what?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#i-bought-some-funds-now-what)
  - [Are you sure I shouldn’t check on them?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#are-you-sure-i-shouldnt-check-on-them)
  - [What’s rebalancing?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#whats-rebalancing)
  - [What will happen to my funds if x,y,z happen?](https://ukpersonal.finance/uk-funds-faq/#what-will-happen-to-my-funds-if-xyz-happen)

## [Which broker should I use?](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/)

How to choose an investment platform.

- [DIY investing vs managed accounts](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#diy-investing-vs-managed-accounts)
- [Account type](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#account-type)
- [Product availability](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#product-availability)
- [Cost](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#cost)
  - [What about free brokers?](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#what-about-free-brokers)
  - [Promotional offers](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#promotional-offers)
- [How safe are my investments?](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#how-safe-are-my-investments)
- [What is the app/website like?](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#what-is-the-appwebsite-like)
- [What are the most popular or recommended brokers?](https://ukpersonal.finance/which-broker-should-i-use/#what-are-the-most-popular-or-recommended-brokers)

## [Wisdom of the ancients](https://ukpersonal.finance/wisdom-of-the-ancients/)

Older versions of the UKPF flowchart, kept for historical interest.

- [2016 beta](https://ukpersonal.finance/wisdom-of-the-ancients/#2016-beta)
- [2017 2.0](https://ukpersonal.finance/wisdom-of-the-ancients/#2017-20)
- [2020 2.4](https://ukpersonal.finance/wisdom-of-the-ancients/#2020-24)
- [2021 3.0](https://ukpersonal.finance/wisdom-of-the-ancients/#2021-30)